Central Asia’s combined GDP nearly doubles to $543 billion in five years

Agriculture remained a significant part of the economy, with its share rising slightly from 22.7% to 22.9%. Industry and construction accounted for 32.2% in 2025, down from 33.8%, while the services sector increased its share from 35.3% to 38%.

Average annual real growth in value added reached 1.2% in agriculture, 10% in industry and construction, and 9.7% in services. Sectoral growth rates in this case are given for 2021–2024.

Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan’s GDP increased from $27.4 billion to $49.8 billion between 2021 and 2025, while average annual real growth stood at 6.3%.

Agriculture’s share rose from 11.6% to 12.4%, while industry and construction declined from 36.9% to 36%. Services edged up from 48.6% to 48.9%.

Average annual real growth in value added reached 5.7% in agriculture, 5.1% in industry and construction, and 11.3% in services.

Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan’s GDP more than doubled from $70.1 billion in 2021 to $147 billion in 2025, with average annual real growth of 7%.

The structure of the economy changed significantly during the period. Agriculture’s share fell from 21.6% to 16.6%, while the sector recorded average annual real growth of 3.9%.

Industry and construction accounted for 32.5% of GDP in 2025, down from 33.4%, while average annual real growth in the sector reached 7.2%.

The services sector saw the strongest structural shift, increasing its share from 38.7% to 46.5%. It also recorded the highest average annual real growth among Uzbekistan’s three main sectors at 8.7%.

Services gain ground across the region

The analysis identifies several broad trends shared by the five Central Asian economies between 2021 and 2025: sustained GDP growth, faster expansion of value added in industry and construction than in agriculture, and a growing role for services.

The services sector increased its share of the region’s combined GDP from 50.4% to 53%, while agriculture’s share fell from 10.7% to 8.8%. Industry and construction declined from 33.4% to 32.5%.

The decline in agriculture’s share was driven largely by structural changes in the two biggest economies, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, as well as a substantial reduction in agriculture’s share in Kyrgyzstan. However, the value added generated by agriculture increased in all five countries.

The shrinking share of agriculture therefore does not indicate a decline in the sector itself. Rather, agriculture grew more slowly than other parts of the economy, particularly industry and construction, where real value added expanded faster in all five countries.

The pace of structural change varied across the region. Uzbekistan consistently recorded a rising share for services and a declining share for agriculture. Kyrgyzstan saw the most pronounced reduction in agriculture’s share.

In Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, the services sector initially lost some of its share before recovering and exceeding its 2020 level by 2025. In Tajikistan, services gained ground after 2021, while agriculture retained its previously significant role in the economy.

Overall, the five countries did not follow a single model of structural transformation. Kazakhstan started the period with a high share of services, which increased moderately over subsequent years. Uzbekistan experienced a marked shift toward services alongside a declining agricultural share. Kyrgyzstan saw a sharp reduction in agriculture’s share while industry posted strong real growth. Tajikistan retained a large agricultural sector, while the sectoral composition of Turkmenistan’s economy remained relatively stable.

The results show that all five Central Asian economies maintained economic growth over the five-year period. Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan increased their relative shares of the regional economy, while Kazakhstan continued to account for more than half of Central Asia’s combined GDP.

The most consistent regional trend was the growing contribution of services, pointing to increasingly diversified economic structures and a rising role for services across Central Asia.